اصول WebGL

// Get A WebGL context
var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
var gl = canvas.getContext("experimental-webgl");

// setup a GLSL program
var vertexShader = createShaderFromScriptElement(gl, "2d-vertex-shader");
var fragmentShader = createShaderFromScriptElement(gl, "2d-fragment-shader");
var program = createProgram(gl, [vertexShader, fragmentShader]);
gl.useProgram(program);

// look up where the vertex data needs to go.
var positionLocation = gl.getAttribLocation(program, "a_position");

// Create a buffer and put a single clipspace rectangle in
// it (2 triangles)
var buffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);
gl.bufferData(
    gl.ARRAY_BUFFER,
    new Float32Array([
        -1.0, -1.0,
         1.0, -1.0,
        -1.0,  1.0,
        -1.0,  1.0,
         1.0, -1.0,
         1.0,  1.0]),
    gl.STATIC_DRAW);
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(positionLocation);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(positionLocation, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

// draw
gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

<script id="2d-vertex-shader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
attribute vec2 a_position;

void main() {
  gl_Position = vec4(a_position, 0, 1);
}
</script>

<script id="2d-fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
void main() {
  gl_FragColor = vec4(0,1,0,1);  // green
}
</script>

<script id="2d-vertex-shader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
attribute vec2 a_position;

uniform vec2 u_resolution;

void main() {
   // convert the rectangle from pixels to 0.0 to 1.0
   vec2 zeroToOne = a_position / u_resolution;

   // convert from 0->1 to 0->2
   vec2 zeroToTwo = zeroToOne * 2.0;

   // convert from 0->2 to -1->+1 (clipspace)
   vec2 clipSpace = zeroToTwo - 1.0;

   gl_Position = vec4(clipSpace, 0, 1);
}
</script>

// set the resolution
var resolutionLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "u_resolution");
gl.uniform2f(resolutionLocation, canvas.width, canvas.height);

// setup a rectangle from 10,20 to 80,30 in pixels
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array([
    10, 20,
    80, 20,
    10, 30,
    10, 30,
    80, 20,
    80, 30]), gl.STATIC_DRAW);

gl_Position = vec4(clipSpace * vec2(1, -1), 0, 1);

<script id="2d-fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
precision mediump float;

uniform vec4 u_color;

void main() {
   gl_FragColor = u_color;
}
</script>

...

  var colorLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "u_color");
  ...
  // Create a buffer
  var buffer = gl.createBuffer();
  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);
  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(positionLocation);
  gl.vertexAttribPointer(positionLocation, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

  // draw 50 random rectangles in random colors
  for (var ii = 0; ii < 50; ++ii) {
    // Setup a random rectangle
    setRectangle(
        gl, randomInt(300), randomInt(300), randomInt(300), randomInt(300));

    // Set a random color.
    gl.uniform4f(colorLocation, Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random(), 1);

    // Draw the rectangle.
    gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
  }
}

// Returns a random integer from 0 to range - 1.
function randomInt(range) {
  return Math.floor(Math.random() * range);
}

// Fills the buffer with the values that define a rectangle.
function setRectangle(gl, x, y, width, height) {
  var x1 = x;
  var x2 = x + width;
  var y1 = y;
  var y2 = y + height;
  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array([
     x1, y1,
     x2, y1,
     x1, y2,
     x1, y2,
     x2, y1,
     x2, y2]), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
}

attribute vec2 a_texCoord;
...
varying vec2 v_texCoord;

void main() {
   ...
   // pass the texCoord to the fragment shader
   // The GPU will interpolate this value between points
   v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
}

<script id="2d-fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
precision mediump float;

// our texture
uniform sampler2D u_image;

// the texCoords passed in from the vertex shader.
varying vec2 v_texCoord;

void main() {
   // Look up a color from the texture.
   gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord);
}
</script>

function main() {
  var image = new Image();
  image.src = "http://someimage/on/our/server";  // MUST BE SAME DOMAIN!!!
  image.onload = function() {
    render(image);
  }
}

function render(image) {
  ...
  // all the code we had before.
  ...
  // look up where the texture coordinates need to go.
  var texCoordLocation = gl.getAttribLocation(program, "a_texCoord");

  // provide texture coordinates for the rectangle.
  var texCoordBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, texCoordBuffer);
  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array([
      0.0,  0.0,
      1.0,  0.0,
      0.0,  1.0,
      0.0,  1.0,
      1.0,  0.0,
      1.0,  1.0]), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(texCoordLocation);
  gl.vertexAttribPointer(texCoordLocation, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

  // Create a texture.
  var texture = gl.createTexture();
  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);

  // Set the parameters so we can render any size image.
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);

  // Upload the image into the texture.
  gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
  ...
}

...
gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord).bgra;
...

<script id="2d-fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
precision mediump float;

// our texture
uniform sampler2D u_image;
uniform vec2 u_textureSize;

// the texCoords passed in from the vertex shader.
varying vec2 v_texCoord;

void main() {
   // compute 1 pixel in texture coordinates.
   vec2 onePixel = vec2(1.0, 1.0) / u_textureSize;

   // average the left, middle, and right pixels.
   gl_FragColor = (
       texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord) +
       texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + vec2(onePixel.x, 0.0)) +
       texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + vec2(-onePixel.x, 0.0))) / 3.0;
}
</script>

...
var textureSizeLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "u_textureSize");
...
// set the size of the image
gl.uniform2f(textureSizeLocation, image.width, image.height);
...

<script id="2d-fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
precision mediump float;

// our texture
uniform sampler2D u_image;
uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
uniform float u_kernel[9];

// the texCoords passed in from the vertex shader.
varying vec2 v_texCoord;

void main() {
   vec2 onePixel = vec2(1.0, 1.0) / u_textureSize;
   vec4 colorSum =
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1, -1)) * u_kernel[0] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0, -1)) * u_kernel[1] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1, -1)) * u_kernel[2] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1,  0)) * u_kernel[3] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0,  0)) * u_kernel[4] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1,  0)) * u_kernel[5] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1,  1)) * u_kernel[6] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0,  1)) * u_kernel[7] +
     texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1,  1)) * u_kernel[8] ;
   float kernelWeight =
     u_kernel[0] +
     u_kernel[1] +
     u_kernel[2] +
     u_kernel[3] +
     u_kernel[4] +
     u_kernel[5] +
     u_kernel[6] +
     u_kernel[7] +
     u_kernel[8] ;

   if (kernelWeight <= 0.0) {
     kernelWeight = 1.0;
   }

   // Divide the sum by the weight but just use rgb
   // we'll set alpha to 1.0
   gl_FragColor = vec4((colorSum / kernelWeight).rgb, 1.0);
}
</script>

...
var kernelLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "u_kernel[0]");
...
var edgeDetectKernel = [
    -1, -1, -1,
    -1,  8, -1,
    -1, -1, -1
];
gl.uniform1fv(kernelLocation, edgeDetectKernel);
...

Original Image -> [Blur]        -> Texture 1
Texture 1      -> [Sharpen]     -> Texture 2
Texture 2      -> [Edge Detect] -> Texture 1
Texture 1      -> [Blur]        -> Texture 2
Texture 2      -> [Normal]      -> Canvas

function createAndSetupTexture(gl) {
  var texture = gl.createTexture();
  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);

  // Set up texture so we can render any size image and so we are
  // working with pixels.
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);

  return texture;
}

// Create a texture and put the image in it.
var originalImageTexture = createAndSetupTexture(gl);
gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);

// create 2 textures and attach them to framebuffers.
var textures = [];
var framebuffers = [];
for (var ii = 0; ii < 2; ++ii) {
  var texture = createAndSetupTexture(gl);
  textures.push(texture);

  // make the texture the same size as the image
  gl.texImage2D(
      gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, image.width, image.height, 0,
      gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, null);

  // Create a framebuffer
  var fbo = gl.createFramebuffer();
  framebuffers.push(fbo);
  gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);

  // Attach a texture to it.
  gl.framebufferTexture2D(
      gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
}

// Define several convolution kernels
var kernels = {
  normal: [
    0, 0, 0,
    0, 1, 0,
    0, 0, 0
  ],
  gaussianBlur: [
    0.045, 0.122, 0.045,
    0.122, 0.332, 0.122,
    0.045, 0.122, 0.045
  ],
  unsharpen: [
    -1, -1, -1,
    -1,  9, -1,
    -1, -1, -1
  ],
  emboss: [
     -2, -1,  0,
     -1,  1,  1,
      0,  1,  2
  ]
};

// List of effects to apply.
var effectsToApply = [
  "gaussianBlur",
  "emboss",
  "gaussianBlur",
  "unsharpen"
];

// start with the original image
gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, originalImageTexture);

// don't y flip images while drawing to the textures
gl.uniform1f(flipYLocation, 1);

// loop through each effect we want to apply.
for (var ii = 0; ii < effectsToApply.length; ++ii) {
  // Setup to draw into one of the framebuffers.
  setFramebuffer(framebuffers[ii % 2], image.width, image.height);

  drawWithKernel(effectsToApply[ii]);

  // for the next draw, use the texture we just rendered to.
  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, textures[ii % 2]);
}

// finally draw the result to the canvas.
gl.uniform1f(flipYLocation, -1);  // need to y flip for canvas
setFramebuffer(null, canvas.width, canvas.height);
drawWithKernel("normal");

function setFramebuffer(fbo, width, height) {
  // make this the framebuffer we are rendering to.
  gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);

  // Tell the shader the resolution of the framebuffer.
  gl.uniform2f(resolutionLocation, width, height);

  // Tell webgl the viewport setting needed for framebuffer.
  gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

function drawWithKernel(name) {
  // set the kernel
  gl.uniform1fv(kernelLocation, kernels[name]);

  // Draw the rectangle.
  gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}

<script id="2d-vertex-shader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
...
uniform float u_flipY;
...

void main() {
   ...
   gl_Position = vec4(clipSpace * vec2(1, u_flipY), 0, 1);
   ...
}
</script>

...
var flipYLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "u_flipY");
...
// don't flip
gl.uniform1f(flipYLocation, 1);
...
// flip
gl.uniform1f(flipYLocation, -1);

gl = canvas.getContext("experimental-webgl", {premultipliedAlpha: false});

<canvas style="background: red;"></canvas>

gl = canvas.getContext("experimental-webgl", {alpha: false});

..
renderScene();
..
// Set the backbuffer's alpha to 1.0
gl.clearColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
gl.colorMask(false, false, false, true);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

// At init time. Clear the back buffer.
gl.clearColor(1,1,1,1);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

// Turn off rendering to alpha
gl.colorMask(true, true, true, false);

gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL, false);

gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

gl.blendFunc(gl.ONE, gl_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);