Labels and text alternatives
In order for a screen reader to present a spoken UI to the user, meaningful elements must have proper labels or text alternatives. A label or text alternative gives an element its accessible name, one of the key properties for expressing element semantics in the accessibility tree.
When an element's name is combined with the element's role, it gives the user context so they can understand what type of element they're interacting with and how it is represented on the page. If a name is not present, then a screen reader only announces the element's role. Imagine trying to navigate a page and hearing, "button," "checkbox," "image" without any additional context. This is why labeling and text alternatives are crucial to a good, accessible experience.
Inspect an element's name #
It's easy to check an element's accessible name using Chrome's DevTools:
- Right-click on an element and choose Inspect. This opens the DevTools Elements panel.
- In the Elements panel, look for the Accessibility pane. It may be hidden behind a
»symbol. - In the Computed Properties dropdown, look for the Name property.
Whether you're looking at an img with alt text or an input with a label, all of these scenarios result in the same outcome: giving an element its accessible name.
Check for missing names #
There are different ways to add an accessible name to an element, depending on its type. The following table lists the most common element types that need accessible names and links to explanations for how to add them.
| Element type | How to add a name |
|---|---|
| HTML document | Label documents and frames |
<frame> or <iframe> elements | Label documents and frames |
| Image elements | Include text alternatives for images and objects |
<input type="image"> elements | Include text alternatives for images and objects |
<object> elements | Include text alternatives for images and objects |
| Buttons | Label buttons and links |
| Links | Label buttons and links |
| Form elements | Label form elements |
Label documents and frames #
Every page should have a title element that briefly explains what the page is about. The title element gives the page its accessible name. When a screen reader enters the page, this is the first text that is announced.
For example, the page below has the title "Mary's Maple Bar Fast-Baking Recipe":
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Mary's Maple Bar Fast-Baking Recipe</title>
</head>
<body>
…
</body>
</html>Similarly, any frame or iframe elements should have title attributes:
<iframe title="An interactive map of San Francisco" src="…"></iframe>While an iframe's contents may contain their own internal title element, a screen reader usually stops at the frame boundary and announces the element's role—"frame"—and its accessible name, provided by the title attribute. This lets the user decide if they wish to enter the frame or bypass it.
Include text alternatives for images and objects #
An img should always be accompanied by an alt attribute to give the image its accessible name. If the image fails to load, the alt text is used as a placeholder so users have a sense of what the image was trying to convey.
Writing good alt text is a bit of an art, but there are a couple of guidelines you can follow:
- Determine if the image provides content that would otherwise be difficult to attain from reading the surrounding text.
- If so, convey the content as succinctly as possible.
If the image acts as decoration and does not provide any useful content, you can give it an empty alt="" attribute to remove it from the accessibility tree.
Images as links and inputs #
An image wrapped in a link should use the img's alt attribute to describe where the user will navigate to if they click on the link:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">
<img alt="Google's wikipedia page" src="google-logo.jpg">
</a>Similarly, if an <input type="image"> element is used to create an image button, it should contain alt text that describes the action that occurs when the user clicks on the button:
<form>
<label>
Username:
<input type="text">
</label>
<input type="image" alt="Sign in" src="./sign-in-button.png">
</form>Embedded objects #
<object> elements, which are typically used for embeds like Flash, PDFs, or ActiveX, should also contain alternative text. Similar to images, this text is displayed if the element fails to render. The alternative text goes inside the object element as regular text, like "Annual report" below:
<object type="application/pdf" data="/report.pdf">
Annual report.
</object>Label buttons and links #
Buttons and links are often crucial to the experience of a site, and it is important that both have good accessible names.
Buttons #
A button element always attempts to compute its accessible name using its text content. For buttons that are not part of a form, writing a clear action as the text content may be all you need to create a good accessible name.
<button>Book Room</button>
One common exception to this rule is icon buttons. An icon button may use an image or an icon font to provide the text content for the button. For example, the buttons used in a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) editor to format text are typically just graphic symbols:
When working with icon buttons, it can be helpful to give them an explicit accessible name using the aria-label attribute. aria-label overrides any text content inside the button, letting you clearly describe the action to anyone using a screen reader.
<button aria-label="Left align"></button>Links #
Similar to buttons, links primarily get their accessible name from their text content. A nice trick when creating a link is to put the most meaningful piece of text into the link itself, rather than filler words like "Here" or "Read More." Not descriptive enough Useful content!Check out our guide to web performance <a href="/guide">here</a>.Check out <a href="/guide">our guide to web performance</a>.
This is especially helpful for screen readers that offer shortcuts to list all of the links on the page. If links are full of repetitive filler text, these shortcuts become much less useful:
Label form elements #
There are two ways to associate a label with a form element such as a checkbox. Either of the methods causes the label text to also become a click target for the checkbox, which is also helpful for mouse or touchscreen users. To associate a label with an element, either:
- Place the input element inside of a label element
<label>
<input type="checkbox">Receive promotional offers?</input>
</label>- Or use the label's
forattribute and refer to the element'sid
<input id="promo" type="checkbox"></input>
<label for="promo">Receive promotional offers?</label>When the checkbox has been labeled correctly, the screen reader can report that the element has a role of checkbox, is in a checked state, and is named "Receive promotional offers?" like in the VoiceOver example below: Does this image have an accessible name? Yes. Give an image an accessible name by adding an Does this object have an accessible name? No. Give an This sample renders an icon button: Does this button have an accessible name? No. Give a button an accessible name by providing text content, an This sample renders an icon button with a tooltip that appears on hover and focus: Does this button have an accessible name? Yes. Even if the button's tooltip is visually hidden using CSS, assistive technologies can still read its text content. Caution: When visually hiding button text, use CSS rather than the Does this checkbox have an accessible name? Yes. The label is associated with the checkbox because the label is the checkbox's parent. So, assistive technologies treat the label's text content as the input's name. Does this checkbox have an accessible name? No. The checkbox's 
alt attribute.<object type="application/pdf" data="/report.pdf" alt="Annual report"></object><object> element a name by providing text content. (An alt attribute on an object will not be read by assistive technologies.)<button>
<svg class="icon">
<use xlink:href="#icon-1" />
</svg>
</button>aria-label attribute, or an aria-labelledby attribute.<button>
<svg class="icon">
<use xlink:href="#icon-1" />
</svg>
<span class="tooltip hidden">Open menu</span>
</button>hidden attribute. The hidden attribute removes the element from the accessibility tree.<label>
<input type="checkbox" value="subscribe"></input>
Subscribe to the newsletter?
</label><input type="checkbox" value="subscribe"></input>
<label for="subscribe">Subscribe to the newsletter?</label>value attribute indicates what text will be saved when the form is submitted, but assistive technologies don't read it. To provide an accessible name, add an id attribute with the value subscribe to associate the checkbox with the label.