圖片和影片的即時效果

const source = document.getElementById('source-image');

// Create the canvas and get a context
const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
const context = canvas.getContext('2d');

// Set the canvas to be the same size as the original image
canvas.width = source.naturalWidth;
canvas.height = source.naturalHeight;

// Draw the image onto the top-left corner of the canvas
context.drawImage(theOriginalImage, 0, 0);

const imageData = context.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const pixels = imageData.data;

pixels[0] = red value for pixel 0
pixels[1] = green value for pixel 0
pixels[2] = blue value for pixel 0
pixels[3] = alpha value for pixel 0
pixels[4] = red value for pixel 1
pixels[5] = green value for pixel 1
pixels[6] = blue value for pixel 1
pixels[7] = alpha value for pixel 1
pixels[8] = red value for pixel 2
pixels[9] = green value for pixel 2
pixels[10] = blue value for pixel 2
pixels[11] = alpha value for pixel 2
pixels[12] = red value for pixel 3
...

const index = (x + y * imageWidth) * 4;
const red = pixels[index];
const green = pixels[index + 1];
const blue = pixels[index + 2];
const alpha = pixels[index + 3];

context.putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);

varying vec2 pixelCoords;

uniform vec2 textureSize;
uniform sampler2D textureSampler;

main() {
  vec2 textureCoords = pixelCoords / textureSize;
  vec4 textureColor = texture2D(textureSampler, textureCoords);
  gl_FragColor = textureColor;
 }
Pretty much every kind of 2D image manipulation that you might want to do can be done in the
fragment shader, and all of the other WebGL parts can be abstracted away. You can see [the
abstraction layer](https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/snapshot/blob/master/src/filters/image-shader.ts) (in
TypeScript) that is being in used in one of our sample applications if you'd like to see an example.

### Which should I use?

For pretty much any professional quality image manipulation, you should use WebGL. There is no
getting away from the fact that this kind of work is the whole reason GPUs were invented. You can
process images an order of magnitude faster on the GPU, which is essential for any real-time
effects.

The way that graphics cards work means that every pixel can be calculated in it's own thread. Even
if you parallelize your code CPU-based code with `Worker`s, your GPU may have 100s of times as many
specialized cores as your CPU has general cores.

2D canvas is much simpler, so is great for prototyping and may be fine for one-off transformations.
However, there are plenty of abstractions around for WebGL that mean you can get the performance
boost without needing to learn the details.

Examples in this article are mostly for 2D canvas to make explanations easier, but the principles
should translate pretty easily to fragment shader code.

## Effect types

### Pixel effects

This is the simplest category to both understand and implement. All of these transformations take
the color value of a single pixel and pass it into a function that returns another color value.

There are many variations on these operations that are more or less complicated. Some will take into
account how the human brain processes visual information based on decades of research, and some will
be dead simple ideas that give an effect that's mostly reasonable.

For example, a brightness control can be implemented by simply taking the red, green and blue values
of the pixel and multiplying them by a brightness value. A brightness of 0 will make the image
entirely black. A value of 1 will leave the image unchanged. A value greater than 1 will make it
brighter.

For 2D canvas:

```js
const brightness = 1.1; // Make the image 10% brighter
for (let i = 0; i < imageData.data.length; i += 4) {
  imageData.data[i] = imageData.data[i] * brightness;
  imageData.data[i + 1] = imageData.data[i + 1] * brightness;
  imageData.data[i + 2] = imageData.data[i + 2] * brightness;
}

    float brightness = 1.1;
    gl_FragColor = textureColor;
    gl_FragColor.rgb *= brightness;

const originalPixels = new Uint8Array(imageData.data);

    | 0  1  0 |
    | 1  4  1 |
    | 0  1  0 |

    (22, 18) x 0    (23, 18) x 1    (24, 18) x 0
    (22, 19) x 1    (23, 19) x 4    (24, 19) x 1
    (22, 20) x 0    (23, 20) x 1    (24, 20) x 0

const kernel = [
  [0, 1, 0],
  [1, 4, 1],
  [0, 1, 0],
];

for (let y = 0; y < imageHeight; y++) {
  for (let x = 0; x < imageWidth; x++) {
    let redTotal = 0;
    let greenTotal = 0;
    let blueTotal = 0;
    let weightTotal = 0;
    for (let i = -1; i <= 1; i++) {
      for (let j = -1; j <= 1; j++) {
        // Filter out pixels that are off the edge of the image
        if (
          x + i > 0 &&
          x + i < imageWidth &&
          y + j > 0 &&
          y + j < imageHeight
        ) {
          const index = (x + i + (y + j) * imageWidth) * 4;
          const weight = kernel[i + 1][j + 1];
          redTotal += weight * originalPixels[index];
          greenTotal += weight * originalPixels[index + 1];
          blueTotal += weight * originalPixels[index + 2];
          weightTotal += weight;
        }
      }
    }

    const outputIndex = (x + y * imageWidth) * 4;
    imageData.data[outputIndex] = redTotal / weightTotal;
    imageData.data[outputIndex + 1] = greenTotal / weightTotal;
    imageData.data[outputIndex + 2] = blueTotal / weightTotal;
  }
}

// Set the canvas to be a little smaller than the original image
canvas.width = source.naturalWidth - 100;
canvas.height = source.naturalHeight - 100;

// Draw only part of the image onto the canvas
const sx = 50; // The left-most part of the source image to copy
const sy = 50; // The top-most part of the source image to copy
const sw = source.naturalWidth - 100; // How wide the rectangle to copy is
const sh = source.naturalHeight - 100; // How tall the rectangle to copy is

const dx = 0; // The left-most part of the canvas to draw over
const dy = 0; // The top-most part of the canvas to draw over
const dw = canvas.width; // How wide the rectangle to draw over is
const dh = canvas.height; // How tall the rectangle to draw over is

context.drawImage(theOriginalImage, sx, sy, sw, sh, dx, dy, dw, dh);

// Move the canvas so that the center of the canvas is on the Y-axis
context.translate(-canvas.width / 2, 0);

// An X scale of -1 reflects the canvas in the Y-axis
context.scale(-1, 1);

// Rotate the canvas by 90°
context.rotate(Math.PI / 2);

const matrix = [
  Math.cos(rot) * x1,
  -Math.sin(rot) * x2,
  tx,
  Math.sin(rot) * y1,
  Math.cos(rot) * y2,
  ty,
];

context.setTransform(
  matrix[0],
  matrix[1],
  matrix[2],
  matrix[3],
  matrix[4],
  matrix[5],
);

for (let y = 0; y < canvas.height; y++) {
  const xOffset = 20 * Math.sin((y * Math.PI) / 20);
  for (let x = 0; x < canvas.width; x++) {
    // Clamp the source x between 0 and width
    const sx = Math.min(Math.max(0, x + xOffset), canvas.width);

    const destIndex = (y * canvas.width + x) * 4;
    const sourceIndex = (y * canvas.width + sx) * 4;

    imageData.data[destIndex] = originalPixels.data[sourceIndex];
    imageData.data[destIndex + 1] = originalPixels.data[sourceIndex + 1];
    imageData.data[destIndex + 2] = originalPixels.data[sourceIndex + 2];
  }
}

context.drawImage(<strong>video</strong>, 0, 0);

gl.texImage2D(
  gl.TEXTURE_2D,
  0,
  gl.RGBA,
  gl.RGBA,
  gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE,
  <strong>video</strong>,
);

const draw = () => {
  requestAnimationFrame(draw);

  context.drawImage(video, 0, 0);

  // ...image processing goes here
};